![Coursera: Neural Networks and Deep Learning (Week 4.2) [Assignment Solution] - deeplearning.ai | APDaga | DumpBox](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoz_CWiJhJTN-sm4XqOP4qLSqhTF1EdG82z6KseiRVEmiyzM3PWw4N7oUDBOwTF5oZMmsrhOD8AuxDaVHIoiNgRg2Xjlj-NUqbaftwvPC0lbgC_ZNIV-2wgXSVweY571Gf4zhasAhzL08/w320-h224/NN+week4.2+thumbnail-min.jpg "Coursera: Neural Networks and Deep Learning (Week 4.2) [Assignment Solution] - deeplearning.ai | APDaga | DumpBox")
▸ Deep Neural Network for Image Classification: Application.
I have recently completed the Neural Networks and Deep Learning course from Coursera by deeplearning.ai
![Coursera: Neural Networks and Deep Learning (Week 4.2) [Assignment Solution] - deeplearning.ai | APDaga | DumpBox](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoz_CWiJhJTN-sm4XqOP4qLSqhTF1EdG82z6KseiRVEmiyzM3PWw4N7oUDBOwTF5oZMmsrhOD8AuxDaVHIoiNgRg2Xjlj-NUqbaftwvPC0lbgC_ZNIV-2wgXSVweY571Gf4zhasAhzL08/s1600/NN+week4.2+thumbnail-min.jpg "Coursera: Neural Networks and Deep Learning (Week 4.2) [Assignment Solution] - deeplearning.ai | APDaga | DumpBox")
I have recently completed the Neural Networks and Deep Learning course from Coursera by deeplearning.ai
While doing the course we have to go through various quiz and assignments in Python.
Here, I am sharing my solutions for the weekly assignments throughout the course.
> It is recommended that you should solve the assignments by yourself honestly then only it makes sense to complete the course.
> But, In case you stuck in between, feel free to refer to the solutions provided by me.
NOTE:
Don't just copy paste the code for the sake of completion. Even if you copy the code, make sure you understand the code first.
Click here: Coursera: Neural Networks & Deep Learning (Week 4A)
Scroll down for Coursera: Neural Networks & Deep Learning (Week 4B) Assignments.
Even if you copy the code, make sure you understand the code first.
Scroll down for Coursera: Neural Networks & Deep Learning (Week 4B) Assignments.
Recommended Machine Learning Courses:
- Coursera: Machine Learning
- Coursera: Deep Learning Specialization
- Coursera: Machine Learning with Python
- Coursera: Advanced Machine Learning Specialization
- Udemy: Machine Learning
- LinkedIn: Machine Learning
- Eduonix: Machine Learning
- edX: Machine Learning
- Fast.ai: Introduction to Machine Learning for Coders
Deep Neural Network for Image Classification: Application
When you finish this, you will have finished the last programming assignment of Week 4, and also the last programming assignment of this course!You will use use the functions you'd implemented in the previous assignment to build a deep network, and apply it to cat vs non-cat classification. Hopefully, you will see an improvement in accuracy relative to your previous logistic regression implementation.After this assignment you will be able to:- Build and apply a deep neural network to supervised learning.
Let's get started!
1 - Packages
Let's first import all the packages that you will need during this assignment.
- numpy is the fundamental package for scientific computing with Python.
- matplotlib is a library to plot graphs in Python.
- h5py is a common package to interact with a dataset that is stored on an H5 file.
- PIL and scipy are used here to test your model with your own picture at the end.
- dnn_app_utils provides the functions implemented in the "Building your Deep Neural Network: Step by Step" assignment to this notebook.
- np.random.seed(1) is used to keep all the random function calls consistent. It will help us grade your work.
In [1]:
2 - Dataset
You will use the same "Cat vs non-Cat" dataset as in "Logistic Regression as a Neural Network" (Assignment 2). The model you had built had 70% test accuracy on classifying cats vs non-cats images. Hopefully, your new model will perform a better!
Problem Statement: You are given a dataset ("data.h5") containing:
- a training set of m_train images labelled as cat (1) or non-cat (0)
- a test set of m_test images labelled as cat and non-cat
- each image is of shape (num_px, num_px, 3) where 3 is for the 3 channels (RGB).
In [2]:
The following code will show you an image in the dataset. Feel free to change the index and re-run the cell multiple times to see other images.
In [3]:
Out [3]:
In [4]:
Out [4]:
As usual, you reshape and standardize the images before feeding them to the network. The code is given in the cell below.
Figure 1: Image to vector conversion.
In [5]:
Out [5]:
equals which is the size of one reshaped image vector.
Check-out our free tutorials on IOT (Internet of Things):
3 - Architecture of your model
Now that you are familiar with the dataset, it is time to build a deep neural network to distinguish cat images from non-cat images.
You will build two different models:
- A 2-layer neural network
- An L-layer deep neural network
You will then compare the performance of these models, and also try out different values for .
Let's look at the two architectures.
3.1 - 2-layer neural network
Figure 2: 2-layer neural network.
The model can be summarized as: INPUT -> LINEAR -> RELU -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID -> OUTPUT.Detailed Architecture of figure 2:
- The input is a (64,64,3) image which is flattened to a vector of size .
- The corresponding vector: is then multiplied by the weight matrix of size .
- You then add a bias term and take its relu to get the following vector:
- You then repeat the same process.
- You multiply the resulting vector by and add your intercept (bias).
- Finally, you take the sigmoid of the result. If it is greater than 0.5, you classify it to be a cat.
3.2 - L-layer deep neural network
It is hard to represent an L-layer deep neural network with the above representation. However, here is a simplified network representation:
Figure 3: L-layer neural network.
The model can be summarized as: [LINEAR -> RELU] (L-1) -> LINEAR -> SIGMOIDDetailed Architecture of figure 3:
- The input is a (64,64,3) image which is flattened to a vector of size (12288,1).
- The corresponding vector: is then multiplied by the weight matrix and then you add the intercept . The result is called the linear unit.
- Next, you take the relu of the linear unit. This process could be repeated several times for each depending on the model architecture.
- Finally, you take the sigmoid of the final linear unit. If it is greater than 0.5, you classify it to be a cat.
3.3 - General methodology
As usual you will follow the Deep Learning methodology to build the model:
1. Initialize parameters / Define hyperparameters
2. Loop for num_iterations:
a. Forward propagation
b. Compute cost function
c. Backward propagation
d. Update parameters (using parameters, and grads from backprop)
4. Use trained parameters to predict labels
Let's now implement those two models!
4 - Two-layer neural network
Question: Use the helper functions you have implemented in the previous assignment to build a 2-layer neural network with the following structure: LINEAR -> RELU -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID. The functions you may need and their inputs are:
def initialize_parameters(n_x, n_h, n_y):
...
return parameters
def linear_activation_forward(A_prev, W, b, activation):
...
return A, cache
def compute_cost(AL, Y):
...
return cost
def linear_activation_backward(dA, cache, activation):
...
return dA_prev, dW, db
def update_parameters(parameters, grads, learning_rate):
...
return parametersIn [6]:
In [7]:
# GRADED FUNCTION: two_layer_model
def two_layer_model(X, Y, layers_dims, learning_rate = 0.0075, num_iterations = 3000, print_cost=False):
"""
Implements a two-layer neural network: LINEAR->RELU->LINEAR->SIGMOID.
Arguments:
X -- input data, of shape (n_x, number of examples)
Y -- true "label" vector (containing 0 if cat, 1 if non-cat), of shape (1, number of examples)
layers_dims -- dimensions of the layers (n_x, n_h, n_y)
num_iterations -- number of iterations of the optimization loop
learning_rate -- learning rate of the gradient descent update rule
print_cost -- If set to True, this will print the cost every 100 iterations
Returns:
parameters -- a dictionary containing W1, W2, b1, and b2
"""
np.random.seed(1)
grads = {}
costs = [] # to keep track of the cost
m = X.shape[1] # number of examples
(n_x, n_h, n_y) = layers_dims
# Initialize parameters dictionary, by calling one of the functions you'd previously implemented
### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)
parameters = initialize_parameters(n_x, n_h, n_y)
### END CODE HERE ###
# Get W1, b1, W2 and b2 from the dictionary parameters.
W1 = parameters["W1"]
b1 = parameters["b1"]
W2 = parameters["W2"]
b2 = parameters["b2"]
# Loop (gradient descent)
for i in range(0, num_iterations):
# Forward propagation: LINEAR -> RELU -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID. Inputs: "X, W1, b1, W2, b2". Output: "A1, cache1, A2, cache2".
### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)
A1, cache1 = linear_activation_forward(X, W1, b1, activation="relu")
A2, cache2 = linear_activation_forward(A1, W2, b2, activation="sigmoid")
### END CODE HERE ###
# Compute cost
### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)
cost = compute_cost(A2, Y)
### END CODE HERE ###
# Initializing backward propagation
dA2 = - (np.divide(Y, A2) - np.divide(1 - Y, 1 - A2))
# Backward propagation. Inputs: "dA2, cache2, cache1". Outputs: "dA1, dW2, db2; also dA0 (not used), dW1, db1".
### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)
dA1, dW2, db2 = linear_activation_backward(dA2, cache2, activation="sigmoid")
dA0, dW1, db1 = linear_activation_backward(dA1, cache1, activation="relu")
### END CODE HERE ###
# Set grads['dWl'] to dW1, grads['db1'] to db1, grads['dW2'] to dW2, grads['db2'] to db2
grads['dW1'] = dW1
grads['db1'] = db1
grads['dW2'] = dW2
grads['db2'] = db2
# Update parameters.
### START CODE HERE ### (approx. 1 line of code)
parameters = update_parameters(parameters, grads, learning_rate)
### END CODE HERE ###
# Retrieve W1, b1, W2, b2 from parameters
W1 = parameters["W1"]
b1 = parameters["b1"]
W2 = parameters["W2"]
b2 = parameters["b2"]
# Print the cost every 100 training example
if print_cost and i % 100 == 0:
print("Cost after iteration {}: {}".format(i, np.squeeze(cost)))
if print_cost and i % 100 == 0:
costs.append(cost)
# plot the cost
plt.plot(np.squeeze(costs))
plt.ylabel('cost')
plt.xlabel('iterations (per tens)')
plt.title("Learning rate =" + str(learning_rate))
plt.show()
return parameters
Run the cell below to train your parameters. See if your model runs. The cost should be decreasing. It may take up to 5 minutes to run 2500 iterations. Check if the "Cost after iteration 0" matches the expected output below, if not click on the square (⬛) on the upper bar of the notebook to stop the cell and try to find your error.
In [8]:
Out [8]:
Expected Output:
Now, you can use the trained parameters to classify images from the dataset. To see your predictions on the training and test sets, run the cell below.
Expected Output:
| Cost after iteration 0 | 0.6930497356599888 |
| Cost after iteration 100 | 0.6464320953428849 |
| ... | ... |
| Cost after iteration 2400 | 0.048554785628770206 |
Good thing you built a vectorized implementation! Otherwise it might have taken 10 times longer to train this.
Now, you can use the trained parameters to classify images from the dataset. To see your predictions on the training and test sets, run the cell below.
In [9]:
Out [9]:
Expected Output:
In [10]:
| Accuracy | 1.0 |
In [10]:
Out [10]:
Expected Output:
Expected Output:
| Accuracy | 0.72 |
Note: You may notice that running the model on fewer iterations (say 1500) gives better accuracy on the test set. This is called "early stopping" and we will talk about it in the next course. Early stopping is a way to prevent overfitting.
Congratulations! It seems that your 2-layer neural network has better performance (72%) than the logistic regression implementation (70%, assignment week 2). Let's see if you can do even better with an -layer model.
5 - L-layer Neural Network
Question: Use the helper functions you have implemented previously to build an -layer neural network with the following structure: [LINEAR -> RELU](L-1) -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID. The functions you may need and their inputs are:
def initialize_parameters_deep(layers_dims):
...
return parameters
def L_model_forward(X, parameters):
...
return AL, caches
def compute_cost(AL, Y):
...
return cost
def L_model_backward(AL, Y, caches):
...
return grads
def update_parameters(parameters, grads, learning_rate):
...
return parametersIn [12]:
You will now train the model as a 4-layer neural network.
# GRADED FUNCTION: L_layer_model
def L_layer_model(X, Y, layers_dims, learning_rate = 0.0075, num_iterations = 3000, print_cost=False):#lr was 0.009
"""
Implements a L-layer neural network: [LINEAR->RELU]*(L-1)->LINEAR->SIGMOID.
Arguments:
X -- data, numpy array of shape (number of examples, num_px * num_px * 3)
Y -- true "label" vector (containing 0 if cat, 1 if non-cat), of shape (1, number of examples)
layers_dims -- list containing the input size and each layer size, of length (number of layers + 1).
learning_rate -- learning rate of the gradient descent update rule
num_iterations -- number of iterations of the optimization loop
print_cost -- if True, it prints the cost every 100 steps
Returns:
parameters -- parameters learnt by the model. They can then be used to predict.
"""
np.random.seed(1)
costs = [] # keep track of cost
# Parameters initialization. (≈ 1 line of code)
### START CODE HERE ###
parameters = initialize_parameters_deep(layers_dims)
### END CODE HERE ###
# Loop (gradient descent)
for i in range(0, num_iterations):
# Forward propagation: [LINEAR -> RELU]*(L-1) -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID.
### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)
AL, caches = L_model_forward(X, parameters)
### END CODE HERE ###
# Compute cost.
### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)
cost = compute_cost(AL, Y)
### END CODE HERE ###
# Backward propagation.
### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)
grads = L_model_backward(AL, Y, caches)
### END CODE HERE ###
# Update parameters.
### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)
parameters = update_parameters(parameters, grads, learning_rate)
### END CODE HERE ###
# Print the cost every 100 training example
if print_cost and i % 100 == 0:
print ("Cost after iteration %i: %f" %(i, cost))
if print_cost and i % 100 == 0:
costs.append(cost)
# plot the cost
plt.plot(np.squeeze(costs))
plt.ylabel('cost')
plt.xlabel('iterations (per tens)')
plt.title("Learning rate =" + str(learning_rate))
plt.show()
return parameters
You will now train the model as a 4-layer neural network.
Run the cell below to train your model. The cost should decrease on every iteration. It may take up to 5 minutes to run 2500 iterations. Check if the "Cost after iteration 0" matches the expected output below, if not click on the square (⬛) on the upper bar of the notebook to stop the cell and try to find your error.
In [13]:
Out [13]:
Expected Output:
Expected Output:
| Cost after iteration 0 | 0.771749 |
| Cost after iteration 100 | 0.672053 |
| ... | ... |
| Cost after iteration 2400 | 0.092878 |
In [14]:
Out [14]:
Expected Output:
| Train Accuracy | 0.985645933014 |
In [15]:
Out [15]:
Expected Output:
Expected Output:
| Test Accuracy | 0.8 |
Congrats! It seems that your 4-layer neural network has better performance (80%) than your 2-layer neural network (72%) on the same test set.
This is good performance for this task. Nice job!
Though in the next course on "Improving deep neural networks" you will learn how to obtain even higher accuracy by systematically searching for better hyperparameters (learning_rate, layers_dims, num_iterations, and others you'll also learn in the next course).
6) Results Analysis
First, let's take a look at some images the L-layer model labeled incorrectly. This will show a few mislabeled images.
In [16]:
Out [16]:
A few types of images the model tends to do poorly on include:
- Cat body in an unusual position
- Cat appears against a background of a similar color
- Unusual cat color and species
- Camera Angle
- Brightness of the picture
- Scale variation (cat is very large or small in image)
7) Test with your own image (optional/ungraded exercise)
Congratulations on finishing this assignment. You can use your own image and see the output of your model. To do that:
1. Click on "File" in the upper bar of this notebook, then click "Open" to go on your Coursera Hub.
2. Add your image to this Jupyter Notebook's directory, in the "images" folder
3. Change your image's name in the following code
4. Run the code and check if the algorithm is right (1 = cat, 0 = non-cat)!
In [17]:
Out [17]:
References:
- for auto-reloading external module: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1907993/autoreload-of-modules-in-ipython
- coursera.org
I tried to provide optimized solutions like vectorized implementation for each assignment. If you think that more optimization can be done, then suggest the corrections / improvements in the comments.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Click here to see solutions for all Machine Learning Coursera Assignments.
&
Feel free to ask doubts in the comment section. I will try my best to solve it.
If you find this helpful by any mean like, comment and share the post.
This is the simplest way to encourage me to keep doing such work.
Thanks and Regards,
-Akshay P. Daga
Hi sir , in week 4 assignment at 2 layer model I am getting an error as" cost not defined"and my code is looks pretty same as the one you have posted please can you tell me what's wrong in my code
ReplyDeleteyes even for me .. please suggest something what to do
DeleteHave you tried running all the cell in proper given sequence. Because, In jupyter notebook a particular cell might be dependent on previous cell.
DeleteI think, there in no problem in code. You are doing something wrong with the executing the code.
Please check once.
fundamentals of scalable data science week 1 assignment in coursera solution I am finding some problem
ReplyDeleteHi. i seen function predict(), but the articles not mention, thank sir
ReplyDeletehi , im getting a " too many values to unpack : error and ive used your code only
ReplyDeletekindly help me get this
for which cell you are getting this error??
DeleteIm also getting a " too many values to unpack " error for the cell : # GRADED FUNCTION: two_layer_model
ReplyDelete